Gender as a victim Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual orientation as a casualty - Assignment Example Also, on account of Emily the mentalities, recognition and circumstances were the key elements with respect to the part of sex that added to the defenselessness of the person in question. Morgan and Chadwick (2009) reasoned that with having negative mentalities influences the life of couple. For this situation, it has been mirrored that the conduct of Emily’s spouse towards her was negative and portrayed crimes. Additionally, VicHealth (2009) expressed that perspectives of brutality supporting are high in guys because of sex inclinations. Then again recognition additionally impacts one to carry out violations and limit other to submit the equivalent. Likely, the circumstance for example the spouse wife relationship and the strength of male over the female is significant sex commitment factor of defenselessness of the casualty if there should be an occurrence of Emily. Crimes particularly the sexual viciousness has huge effect both on physical just as state of mind over the person in question and cause physical injury. In view of the examination of the gave casualty case it very well may be asserted that outrage and the sentiment of prevalence drove Emily’s spouse over carry out wrongdoing. In this unique circumstance, Truman (2011) inferred that male sexual orientations during the hour of dissatisfaction, express their indignation and antagonism towards others particularly their significant other as on account of Emily. In such manner it very well may be avowed that singular culprit factor for example mentality of Emily spouse, tolerant conduct of Emily over the wrongdoing, short temperedness can be seen as a key factor of wrongdoing. Also, material relationship and the network point of view for example elevated level of strength of male over the females are barely any reasons of wrongdoing (Cooper and Smith, 2011) assumed an earlier job in carrying out wrongdoing against Emily (Jewkes, 2012; NCDSV, 2003). Also, absence of information and the male ruling disposition prompts wrongdoing and exploitation. With respect to the criminal instance of Emily, one of the significant lacunas in the legal

Concealed Realities The Issues of Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

A destructive issue that remains prevalent in society is the re-occurrence of abuse, otherwise known as domestic violence. Often concealed and undetectable, domestic violence has a lingering effect on large groups of people of varying demographics. There is an unwarranted misconception that domestic violence can only occur in the physical form to women. Contrary to popular belief, this is an inaccurate notion. Domestic violence is not an act that is gender exclusive, but it occurs in both the lives of men, women and children. This paper will discuss the causes, signs and effects of domestic violence. Knowing the signs, causes, and effects of domestic violence will help society break the cycle to it. Society have always blamed the victim instead of the abuser. Before anyone receives the blame, we need to know every detail on why it exists. Knowing what causes the problem, learning the signs and finding solutions is the effective way of ending domestic violence. Domestic violence occurs in many forms such as physical, sexual, financial, emotional, verbal, stalking and mental. Many people become very abusive to their partners, family members, and friends because they either was abused or saw a love one being abuse. This is called learned behavior. Imagine meeting someone and falling deeply in love with. They are everything that a person could ever wanted. Their intelligence, personality, confidence, sense of humor are some of the reasons why a person would fall in love. From one perspective, they were the perfect catch and a dream that came true. Suddenly elements changed because abuse has begun. The person that one has fell in love with is no longer the same and began to mentally destroy their partner by verbal assaulting them. Insulting their worth by belittling them- referring to them as worthless, stupid, ugly, dumb, idiot, irresponsible, etc. After a while, the partner who is receiving the verbal abuse will began to believe the ideas that are being said, and self-esteem is no longer there. Next becomes physical, it may start off with a shove then follow up with a punch and last a full beat down. The physical abuse can get so bad where the person may need medical attention or even a body bag. This type of behavior will affect anyone living in or outside the household. These tactics that are being done is called power and control. Power and control can consist of threats, intimidation, public humiliation, fault-finding, and victim blaming. Trying to cope with abuse is draining mentally, physically, and emotionally and can cause anyone to go into severe deep depression. Speaking up and seeking help is the only way for the victim to obtain help. I know this because I am a survivor. When a person hears the words domestic violence everyone automatic thinks a man is beating a woman. However, this is not always the case. Men and children are victims just as much as women. Domestic violence is the act of someone who cannot control their anger and uses violence to express themselves. Some experts say that A person who has anger will allow it to take over the emotionally; as that happens the individuals entire way of perceiving and reacting to the universe is altered to justify their anger and hostility; these perceptual and behavioral reactions reflect real and long-lasting changes in the neural networks within the brain of this person. (Potter-Efron). The control tactics that are being used, is to terrorize their victim. In the book Getting Free You Can End Abuse and Take Back Your Life, Most abused women say emotional abuse or tactics of power and control are more difficult to deal with than physical (NiCarthy). Being control makes it hard for the victim to leave. Some victims believe that their abuser will change and can love them correctly. Being abused can destroy the lives of those involved. Ranging from the abuser, victim, children, other family members, and friends. Living this lifestyle is hard especially when one is attempting to cover up the abuse. Masking black eyes with makeup, wearing long sleeves in the summer, pretending everything were good, making an effect so the children are not aware, confining the dark secrets will make anyone depressed. Remembering the first time covering up the first black eye. The night before my abuser and I had a huge altercation. My abuser was jealous and assumed that hugging another male was a sign of disrespect. My abuser believes that if a guy is not a family member or mate, a female should not hug them. While arguing, I explained that his thought process was immature, and I did not have time to be arguing with a closed-minded person. Within moments, he punched me so far that I flew onto the floor. I proceeded to defend myself, and even though I fought back, it did not faze hi m. After a while, I just laid there until he stopped and left the house. I was in complete shocked with all these thoughts going through my mind. The person that I was in love with, the one that asked me to marry him, and the man I gave children to just assaulted me. Once I reached the bathroom, I saw my face. I saw how my face was once beautiful is now damaged. I called my baby sister and asked her to watch my daughter for a week. When she came to my house and saw my face, the expression on her face showed all her emotions. I begged her not to tell anyone. In her first breath she asked, what happen? Not in the right state of mind, I automatically said it was my fault and not his. I told her to keep the girls for the week until my face heals because I did not want them to my face like this. Two days went past and the swelling in my face went down a lot. I had to return to work. This was something that I did not want to do. I knew when I came into work there was going to be a lot of questions. I applied make up on, so it can cover the black eye. I attempted to make my face as normal as possible, but people could tell that something was wrong. One of the co-workers pulled to the side during lunch and told me that if I ever needed her to call. She explained that she has been in a abusive relationship before. She stated that she knew the signs and I can come to her. The whole time we were talking, other co-workers voiced their opinions. Another co-worker stated You are stupid for allowing any man to put his hands on you. And why would I allowed him to do that? There are signs to let anyone know if they are abuser? While the other one stated You are stupid for staying with him. Only a weak-minded person will let this happen to them. I will never let anyone put their hands on me. These women did not understand that certain words can affect a victim. When a victim is battered, all types of things are going on in their mind. They are trying to figure out where did things go wrong, what could they do to make things better, trying to find their confidence, peace, and happiness; and what could they do to prevent the next assault. Saying the wrong thing can cause the victim to go into a psychotic break. They already are afraid of their abuser and for someone to call them out their name will make their insecurities intensify, this is called a psychological abuse. One trait of psychological abuse is isolation. Battered victims appeared to be more isolated when living with the batterer, as compared to the non-batterer. (Walker) As time went by the abuse was non-stopped. For two whole years, the mental verbal, public humiliation, and physical was affecting the children and me. It was to the point where the children mimicked the actions that they saw and heard. The last straw was when he tried to assassinate me in front of the children at the doctors office. He was choking me while I was holding one of our daughters. The police remove the children from the situation. My co-worker was right there when everything had occurred. She was the one who called the police and inform them that this was happening. She explained to them that she was a relative, so she can take the children rather than them being placed into child protective services. The next day, child protective services agent and a domestic violence counselor came to my house. They both stated that the children could not stay in this type of environment. They can remove the children if a restraining order was not set into place. That single statement right there was the turning point. This account happened in 2002 when a restraining order has been placed on him and still in effect. Not many victims are fortunate enough to leave their abuser. Some stay because of fear to start over, they think their abuser going to change, they do not want to separate the family, religious and language barriers. From the book Everything You Need to Know About Breaking the Cycle of Domestic Violence People who abuse others are afraid to lose control. While leaving the abuser is often the best solutions, yet, a victim needs to be aware that their abuser can abuse them again. (Kinstlinger-Bruhn). The statistic of knowing how many people went through this is scary. One in three women and one in four men have been victims of some sort of physical violence by their intimate partner during their lifetimes. One in four women and one in seven men have been victims of severe physical violence by intimate partner in their lifetime. One in seven women and one in eighteen men have been stalked by intimate partner during their lifetime to the point in which they felt very fearful or believed that they or someone close to them would be harmed or killed, according Center of Disease and Control. (www.cdc.gov). A person will never know who is in an abusive relationship unless one knows the signs. Some of the signs are being apologetic, not themselves at all, denying anything that anyone suspect that is not right, covering up physical abuse, and the fear in their eyes when they see their mate. The main signs are distancing themselves from everyone while being in their relationship, always checking in with their partner, not coming to social events like they use to and making sure that their partner is pleased. If a person does not see any of the signs from the victim observe their partner. Watch to see if their mate is being controlling, trying to isolate their mate, never apologizing when they are wrong, and trying to change their mate completely. When a person does dramatics changed, especially when it comes to isolating themselves from everyone, nine out of ten they are in a bad relationship. There was a day when things needed to be explained. The family was informed of the suffering and constant beatings that was endured. Even though a restraining order was put in place that did not stopped him from trying to scared me. He threw a break into the house the same day the restraining order was established. So, the next morning, the van was packed with everyone possessions. Money were limited but determination for a better life was the goal. All the achieved accomplishments, goals that were set and children being raised are now on hold because the move was on. Once settled into the apartment I notice the children behavior changed dramatically. Witnessing the abuse that was endure, the children developed psychological trauma. The children needed counseling. Counseling is the number one key for anyone who is willing to obtain help. Getting counseling does not mean that you are crazy, sick, or neurotic. Counseling is a very effective outlet to help people acknowledge the cause to their issue. Counseling can be individual, couples, children and family. Some questions may be asks like Were there something in the past that made a person have built up anger? Why is the person behaving this way? Batterers choose to express their anger out on their mate is because they were raised in that environment. Either they were abused or saw a family member being abused, this situation taught them this is how a person resolve their issue with anyone. When there is abuse, everyone who is involved should go to individual first before attempting couple and fami ly. Some people believe that counseling is not a good idea. The victim who are being beaten, intimidated, or controlled by their partner are not free to engage in the kind of open dialogue that counseling promotes. If the victim speaks openly to a therapist or counselor in the presence of the batterer it may cause them to be in danger when they return home (Yount). There is a saying and it goes A person can only do what you allowed them to do This statement is true. So, when a victim allows their partner to repeatedly hit them then they deserved it. There is no way that a person would stay in a relationship that is harmful to them unless they like it. Even some expects says that it is not the abuser fault for their actions because victims know how to provoke them. Victims know exactly what causes the batterer to react. They do this because the victims like to be hit. Some believes that if their partner does not hit them that they are not love or wanted. Some victims provoke their abuser for attention. People play the victim role when they are the one who initiate the fight. Then they will call the police and make false accusations. Therefore, society does not have any concern about domestic violence. False accusations can cause a lot of damage to people lives affecting not only the victims and abusers but, also the families and friends. The victim creditability will no longer exist because of the lies they told. The so-called abuser will have to defend their character. The victim will no longer be looked upon with sympathy but with disgust. Individuals who use to associate themselves with the victim will become distance. The so-called victim will start to experience certain traits of an abuse victim excluding the physical aspect. Down the line if they were to ever come across an abusive relationship, people would be more hesitant to believe them. Now for the individual falsely accused, they will have to build their life together again piece by piece. Their reputation has been tarnished and were considered a disgrace in the public eye, including some family members. For those family members that stood by the individuals side, this comes as a relieve. Though the individual were fal sely accused, they may not receive their job back because certain consequence may not be reversable. The title that is attached to them has cause struggles with daily task. Receiving stares and talked down upon would still go on after being proven innocent of the heinous act. By those viewing the situation from the outside, the individuals is seen by those who surround him as guilty. In conclusion, society should understand the difference between real victims and those who portrayed as a victim. Blaming all victims for being abuse is wrong because there are some victims who wants to leave. There are too afraid to go because they are financially unstable or do not want to separate the family. Therefore, understanding and providing views on learned behavior, cause, effects and signs of victims and abuser can make society understand what is real and not. This is supported by personal experiences, facts, and evidenced. Well explained and articulated for all to get a good understanding of the topic. Works Cited Kinstlinger-Bruhn, Charlotte. Everything You Need to Know About Breaking The Cycle of Domestic Violence. The Rosen Publishing Group, INC, 1997. 44. NiCarthy, Ginny. Getting Free You Can End Abuse And Take Back Your Life. Seal Press, 2004. XXV. Potter-Efron, Ronald. Handbook of Anger Management and Domestic Violence Offender Treatment. 2015. n.d. 3. Walker, Lenore E.A. The Battered Woman Syndrome. Springer Publishing Company, 2000. 33. www.cdc.gov. n.d. www.cdc.gov/violence/pdf/nisvs_report2010-apdf. October 2018. Yount, Lisa. How Can Domestic Violence Be Prevented. Thomas Gale, 2006. 94.

The Threat Of Terrorism And Overpopulation Concerns

Four years has felt like an eternity, at least according to the Syrian refugees, fleeing their homeland with nothing more than the shirts on their bodies and a sense of optimism. Their war-ravaged country portrays their unfortunate situation that they currently face. Millions of Syrian nationals seek a new life, and this desire has forced them to relocate to various European countries, as well as the United States. With an influx of refugees set to reside in the country, they bring diversification and positive economic implications to America, yet the threat of terrorism and overpopulation concerns seem to supercede an otherwise positive impact foreseen by most Americans. The American way of life has always applauded those of different ethnicities and cultures who wish to transfer their traditions from their homeland into the country. Over the years, America has essentially developed into one huge melting pot consisting of different races, religions, and nationalities. 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Financial Crisis Fiscal Crisis - 1542 Words

Financial Crisis: 2008-2009 In early 2000s, most private and public budgets in the U.S. were funded through local and sovereign debts. In this regard, staggering mortgage industry, weak fiscal policies, and unscrupulous financial investors principally contributed to the 2008-2009 financial crises. Due to surging inflation and accumulated interests, most borrowers failed to payback their loans due to continued bankruptcy. Consequently, interest rates in various countries were adjusted to balance the demand and supply of the circulating money. 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Analysis of heroes in Odyssey Star Wars Essay Example For Students

Analysis of heroes in Odyssey Star Wars Essay These two epics consist of a hero, a villain, a mentor, and a purpose. In these two interesting epics the hero is what mostly relates to each other because of how they see things in the beginning and at the end of their journeys. An example of this is when Odysseus does not thank the gods and expects everything to go his way. This is foolish of him because he expects his journey to be successful but everything turns on him. At the end Odysseus looks differently at himself when he learns that without gods he is nothing, the same thing happens in Star Wars. When Luke is with Obi-Wan, at first he questions him and does not believe in him and in his advice. At the end he learns that without Obi-Wan and his teachings of the force, in this case an example of the gods in the Odyssey, he would be nothing. Star Wars and the Odyssey also have their differences. One of the biggest differences between these b,vow epics is the time it took for them to get places. In the Odyssey it would take two weeks to travel tromp Ithaca to troy. In Star Wars it would take seconds to just travel between Galaxies believe this sakes a big difference between them because of how much they valued time in the Odyssey. In the Odyssey they could not wait to get home. In Star Wars it would just be a matter of seconds to get there. I believe the biggest difference between Star Wars and the Odyssey would just be time. In conclusion I believe that the Odyssey and Star Wars are very alike and somewhat unlike to each Other. These two epic stories are alike because Of the likeliness Of the characters and their roles in each story. As an example. Odysseus could be mirrored as Luke Jaywalker because they are both heroes and they think the name. Another example of this is with Athena, she could be mirrored as Obi-Wan because of both of their guiding wisdom throughout tough times. The difference between these two epics is the time it took for them to travel. It was very hard in Odysseus time to travel to different places because of the time it took to get there, therefore they valued time. In Star Wars it was very easy to get places by just getting into a ship.

Justice WhiteS Interpretation Of Tennessee State Law Essays

Justice White'S Interpretation Of Tennessee State Law CONCURRING OPINION: We concur with Justice Whites interpretation of Tennessee State law. However, we propose that more restrictive standards should be used by policemen when dealing with imminently dangerous circumstances. The necessity standard that White proposes for governing the use of lethal force strikes the right balance in regulating violence. He insists that the police act reasonably by evaluating whether the felons interest in life outweighs the states interest in seizing the felon by lethal force. Because we honor the supreme value of human life, lethal force should only be used when there is a reasonable belief that the felon poses a significant threat to the policeman or society. More restrictive standards of policing will minimize discretion and prevent unnecessary violence. The decision to impose death on a criminal should be left to the discretion of the judges rather than the police. A slight error in the judgement of the policeman can impose a death penalty on someone who does not deserve it. Furthermore, policemen can be driven to use lethal force because of personal biases and reluctance or incapability to seize the felon through non-violent methods. Whites standard is less restrictive than the standard governing self-defense and the death penalty. The doctrine of self-defense requires the presence of the four conditions- imminence, necessity, proportionality and no intent to punish- whereas Whites standard only requires necessity for the use of lethal force. Whites standard should be less restrictive than the standard of self-defense because the police have legitimate authority to use violence to maintain order and safety in society. Law asks us to be better than we would otherwise be. Hence the victim of self-defense is required to follow a very high standard before using any sort of violence. The standard of self-defense would be too rigid for the police to follow as it hinders them from performing their primary duty of protecting society. The conditions for imposing the death penalty require guided jury discretion and the fulfillment beyond a reasonable doubt of at least one of the ten statutory aggravating factors. The rules of the jurisprudence of death are different from any other rules of jurisprudence. This is because death is different. Death takes away a persons right to have rights. Discretion is essential for the effective functioning of law in controlling private violence and judging individuals subjectively. If discretion is expunged from the judicial system, then law would become an automatic gun and fail to take into account the totality of circumstances. However, police discretion should be limited because policemen must make quick decisions while jury discretion is far more calculated and logical. Whites standard allows for too much police discretion. By only using necessity as the standard for the use of lethal force, White gives too much leeway to the police. Police are hyper-sensitive to signs of suspicion. They rely on stereotypes and seek human beings at their worst. To be a policeman is to face the reality of facing danger every day. Because of these reasons, we cannot allow the police to use discretion under such a broad standard of necessity. Just fulfilling the standard of necessity before using lethal force undermines the supreme value of human life. It is better that ten criminals walk free than one innocent person be killed. Whites approach to the legal regulation of police is similar to his own approach in Brady v. United States but contradicts his approach in Miranda v. Arizona. In Brady, White also looks at the totality of circumstances to determine the voluntariness of a defendants plea of guilty. In both Brady and Garner, White realizes that law requires the exercise of judgement so that it does not become mechanical and impersonal. Regarding Miranda, White rejects the regulation of police discretion in interrogations, as it will only cause a loss of human dignity by limiting all confessions and returning the criminal to the environment that produced him. Thus, White implies that police regulation will only lead society into the abyss of anarchy. This contrasts sharply with Whites desire in Garner to regulate police conduct as a means of protecting the dignity of an individuals life, even if that individual is a criminal. White would concur with both Justice Burger

The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities

The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory and Art Introduction Importance of the issue Appreciating pieces of art is a great pleasure as it gives us time for imagining the personalized meaning of those objects through our own personal mirrors of our egos and minds. Sometimes, we try to find the meaning of what we see or hear with the help of our instinct or intuitive feeling beyond the logic and strict reasoning to understand the pictures or sculptures.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same can be claimed about psychology and different theories that are aimed at explaining human desires and unconscious intentions. The perception of art objects can be understood with the help of applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to objects depicted and the way people usually understand those. As psychological interpretation of contemporary art suggests abundant sources for comprehending our experience on art, it is possoble to use Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to understand the essential aspects of postmodern artworks in terms of the concept of desire. The relation between the concept of desire according to Jacques Lacan’s theory and such aspects as what is shown, what is seen, and the way of perception in the objects of art are of the main focus of the current paper. Aim and scope The current paper is aimed at showing the number of different explanations that can be evoked by implementation of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory while observing and discussing the objects of art such as mixed media sculptures created in contemporary conditions with the help of modern materials, techniques and methods including postmodern tendencies. In particular, reviewing the works designed by Louise Bourgeois including Arch of Hysteria (1993) and Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) (1989-1993) an d Yayoi Kusama’s Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field (1965) and Narcissus Garden (1966) can demonstrate the most prominent features of Lacanian theory in these art objects regarding desire in postmodernities. The art objects mentioned above will be analysed in the current paper in accordance with the Lacanian psychoanalysis theory that includes such aspects as concept of mirror, phallocentrism, femininity, and mirror with regard to desire and psycho-sexual tendencies. Theoretical Background Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Lacanian psychoanalytic theory’s main purpose is to evoke hidden side of human mind, the unconscious, so that people could explain things that seem ambiguous or, on the contrary, obvious. The number of explanations of the unconscious desire can vary due to the background of every person involved in the process of discussion. For instance, certain events, either negative or positive, in the life of a person influence his/her perception o f self and individual desire in different ways.Advertising Looking for coursework on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Lacanian theory of mirror stage in terms of personality development, the aspect of Narcissism is the shared feature of personal human desire. â€Å"The mirror stage is also closely related to narcissism†1 as the Greek myth dwells on the beauty of a young man who fell in love with his own reflection in the water. â€Å"Lacan develops Freud’s concept by linking it more explicitly with its namesake, the myth of Narcissus†2. The mirror image in early childhood serves to mould a self-image that is not actually a self-image, but an ideal one of what we want to be, and, consequently, it serves to set a psychological drive toward self-definition based on a imaginary structure forced by the identification with external social order. In this respect, Lacan’s theory d oes not focus only on biological aspect of mirror stage of psycho-sexual development; the mirror stage is suggested as the primary stage in the perception of a person that helps to conceive the real image from the self and from others. The scope of ideas on the concept of mirrors can be presented in a multivolume work whereas the main ideas can be found in the theory of psychoanalysis established by Jacques Lacan. Though Lacan’s theory has proven to be one of the most insightful interpretations of our time, some critics found explanation and analysis of certain concepts gender-oriented and discriminating. For example, French feminists Julia Kristeva and Helen Cixous have argued about the objectivity of presentation of concepts of phallocentrism made by prominent theorists, philosophers, and psychologists Jacques Lacan and the person influenced by Lacan’s ideas, Jacques Derrida. Female writers criticized Lacanian theory because it suggested lack of self in women making them penis-less creatures deprived of the ego and associated more as a part of the male essence. In this respect, Helene Cixous’s essay ‘The laugh of the medusa’ is aimed at discussing the influence of gender aspects on cultural life of people, art objects, and language in particular. The author dwells on the difference between cultural concepts and gender aspects that, as the author claims, should not be mixed with one another and with biological peculiarities of life.3 The more we try to tie the aspect of gender to other areas of human life, the less appropriate these concepts may become. Different problems with the perception of this or that idea or object of art can be the main reason for treating the phallocentric concepts as those discriminating femininity as a feature of the gender. Julia Kristeva suggests the idea of â€Å"drives [that] involve pre-Oedipal semiotic functions†4; this statement can be considered one of the most appropriate ideas for discussion with regard to desire and drives in the process of analysing the objects of art.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Position Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theory Allots to the Art Object Regarding Desire in Postmodernities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phallocentrism is defined here as irrelevant panegyric on make sexual organ and behaviour of male representatives associated with their attitude to this organ as well. In this respect, the desire related to the objects of art can be found in the issue of glorification of the male sexual organ. The more theories try to approach the concept of the mirror, the more ideas appear in the process of analysis even on the simplest phenomena that did not suggest that many explanations of a specific term before. In this respect, it is necessary to emphasise that Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is aimed at provoking human thoughts on different subjects as a person wh o knows about the suggested concepts would use those ideas while analysing the objects of art. For instance, Jacques Lacan introduced a concept of mirror and explanation of the function of the unit I as suggested in psychoanalytic practice. His work â€Å"Mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience† demonstrates the inner stage that is suggested to analyse as the initial condition or a ‘mirror’ as the inner reflection of all actions performed by a person. This mirror is treated as a specific place or an object used for analysis of actions, behaviour, and deeds by a person; such a self-analysis and counter-analysis are used for signification and counter-signification of the self.5 This concept was not critically perceived by female writers Cixous and Kristeva because it was not treated as the one that is posted against the femininity, female concepts, and feminine gender in general though the concept of mirrors helps to assess the role of desire in the analysis of the self. Desire in Postmodernities Postmodernism is a movement in art and architecture that can be considered one of the most influential trends in twentieth century due to its simplicity and complicatedness at the same time. Though different styles in art can be claimed to have found their application in culture, postmodern movement had a prominent impact on the architecture and art objects. As suggested by Tobin Siebers in his book Heterotopia: postmodern utopia and the body politic, the postmodernities can be compared to desire that cannot be explained and understood completely.6 On the other hand, it is necessary to trace the real meaning of postmodern art objects that can be insightfully explained using psychological analysis theories aimed at explaining human desires, fears, and intentions.Advertising Looking for coursework on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The analysis of the self can be performed through the use of mirrors that represent the relations between what a person wants to show and others want to see or are able to see. Besides, as suggested by Jacques Lacan, the desire can be clearly understood after analysis of the body: Fragmented body is analysed in terms of the desires and fears and the hidden intentions behind the reflection of different parts of the human body.7 Most postmodernists are sceptical of the concept, ‘certainty’ or ‘authentic truth’ because the function, meaning, and symbolic value are varied in the context or situation; the same can be traced in psychoanalysis where every detail is thoroughly examined to trace the connection between the desire and images usually reflected in the inner mirror. Though every object of art can be analysed in a different way, there is a number of traits that can be traced in most of them with regard to the gender of the author, the inner reflection of the actions, and attitude to the self, and other concepts that can be easily found in psychoanalytic theory established by Jacques Lacan. So, the objects of art created with regard to the tendencies and concepts established for postmodernities can be easily analysed with the help of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory designed merely at the same time as the postmodern movement. In this respect, it is possible to apply the concepts of psychoanalysis such as self-criticism by Freud8 to the objects of art designed by contemporary authors due to the background of authors and their reflection of the self in those art objects. Position of Theory to the Art Object Louise Bourgeois, Arch of Hysteria, 1993 The first object of art that should be analysed with regard to the concept of desire in postmodernities and the basic concepts revealed in Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is the one designed by Louise Bourgeois. This piece of art was created in 1993; the Arch of Hysteria can be considered one of the most feminine and delicate works created by this author.9 At the same time, it is powerful demonstration of the human body. And the name of the sculpture created using polished patina on the hanging piece made of bronze talks for itself. The attack of hysteria makes people change the positions of their bodies. The same can be traced when a person experiences some strong emotions or feelings and is not able to control the movements, gestures, and emotions expressed on his/her face. Every attack of hysteria can be depicted in another way because every individual has his/her own reflection of the self and is able to analyse the self using the inner mirror. The discussion of femininity is related to the ideas the author of this object of art found relevant due to the feminism movements and active involvement in those.10 The author manages to create her works without being too gender-discriminating toward the representatives of the opposite sex. Moreover, her work Arch of Hysteria ( 1993) can be considered the one that makes the male body the core concept of the overall image created. In this respect, the idea of phallocentrism vigorously criticised by Cixous and Kristeva can be easily traced in this particular object. Moreover, the body hanging in the air can be analysed using the concept of fragmented body with regard to the wholeness of the subject, totalization and autonomous self. In other words, the concept of desire in postmodernities can be explained with the help of this sculpture that seems to be aimed at dethroning the power of the male body by making it more feminine with the help of hysteria that was considered a female disease. Every person has certain secrets whereas all hidden desires and intentions can be revealed with the help of the psychoanalysis suggested by Lacan who based his theory on the concepts explained and analysed by Sigmund Freud. The main idea of the current object of art can be considered the real human emotion captured in the e arthly body while every gesture and movement made by the person helps to reveal this emotion and explain the reasons for experiencing it. In the same way, every person can be read as a book with the help of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory when every image, dream, or idea is the result of some events and situations that took place in the life of this person; the same events and situations can be treated as the reasons or causes of other events. The concept of desire can be considered the core idea of every piece of art because every author has certain desires and intentions and can use those as inspiration while designing the object of art. Moreover, the sexual desire can be traced in every art object that is aimed at reflecting the author’s intentions through the presentation of the human body. Louise Bourgeois, Cell (Eyes and Mirrors), 1989-1993 The next object of art is designed by the same author. This creation is represented through the cell which contains specific eyes an d mirrors. In this respect, it is necessary to trace the meaning transferred with the help of those objects to the meaning of the whole piece of art.11 The more different objects we introduce to the piece of art, the more complicated it becomes. The complicatedness of the object can be traced through the number of meanings attributed to every object it contains. In other words, the meaning of this Cell (Eyes and Mirrors)12 should be analysed with regard to the meaning of cell, eyes as parts of the human body, and mirrors and the concept of desire in postmodernities. It is possible to analyse every concept in turn and, after that, try to explain the meaning of the whole object of art bearing in mind the meaning of each separate object that is included in the structure. For instance, the work of art Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) designed by Louise Bourgeois in 1989-1993 can be analysed as a set of objects each having its own meaning and contributing to the meaning of the entire object. As e very object can have meanings with regard to the context, it is necessary to analyse the possibility for occurrence of meanings and the number of meanings that can depend on different factors. In other words, the background knowledge and situations that occurred in the life of a person prior to observation of a concrete object of art should influence his/her perception of this work. So, cell can be considered as the limitation or restriction imposed on a person by his/her parents, friends, or supervisors. Besides, certain prohibition can be treated as the reason for author to use such an object in the overall construction. If a person had no negative experience related to the image of a cell, this work of art would not evoke any negative emotions. The concept of eyes in combination with mirrors represents the reflection of the ideas with the help of mirrors. In addition, this combination can be treated as the desire of the author to show the audience something hidden in her inner se lf which can be seen only through the eyes. Thus, the eyes reflected in mirrors suggest a hidden desire of the author to reveal her hidden feelings or something she cannot say aloud. Another idea that comes to mind while looking at this object of art created by a woman is the female aspect of this work. In this respect, it is necessary to remember about the concern of all women about their look. As they often look in the mirror, they can see something that cannot be seen without a mirror. In other words, the mirror can be used as an instrument to show and see something mysterious or at least something that cannot be seen without this magical device. The desire to say something can be treated as the core concept of this work because mirrors and reflections can often say something a person is afraid to reveal to him/herself or is confused about the consequences of such information transferred to a stranger. Masks and disguise contribute greatly to the overall image of the object of ar t called Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) designed by Louise Bourgeois in 1989-1993 because it is a feature of most women to have many identities and play many roles while only a mirror can reflect the real image of a woman. Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, 1965 It is necessary to mention that the object of art designed by Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field created in 196513 can be considered one of the most original objects of art designed under the influence of postmodern trends and technologies. This work can be easily analysed applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to practice because mirrors play the core role in this work. The more a person reflects on his/her self image in the mirror, the more he/she is likely to change in the inner world to adjust to the conditions of the outer world. On the other hand, it is possible that a person changes the inner world to have it as a shelter from the oppression and all negative fac tors that exist in the outer world. In this respect, it is possible to treat the mirrors as an instrument for initiating self-analysis. As suggested in the work by Peter Gay who analyses Freudian theory of psychoanalysis, â€Å"The physician should be opaque to the patient and, like a mirror, show nothing but what is shown to him.†14 For Lacan, however, mirror image has some deceiving aspects that alienate human from the real self by representing the Narcissistic illusion of self-autonomy. In this regard, the mirror in the Kusama’s work is the place for searching human identity on the dialectical relationship between ‘seeing and to be seen’. Lacan’s key concept regarding the mirror stage is for challenging the integrated identity that reflects human’s narcissistic desire for wholeness, totalitarian or self-autonomy which we should overcome to be mature. In addition, he thought integrated identity to be illusion of synthesis which is not reall y existent in the real world. For Lacan, human is in fragmented body in the real world and the fragmented body refers not only to images of the physical body but also to any sense of fragmentation and disunity. The life in society can be considered another influential feature in creation of this object of art due to postmodernities with regard to desire and values typical of times and cultures; many identities are reflected in the mirror and it is up to a person to see or not to see them. The objects on the floor of the mirror room can be treated as obstacles for analysis because the roles we play in the everyday life can differ greatly from what we are and who we are because of the necessity to adjust to the conditions of the outer world. Besides, the society that we live in often imposes the roles on its members in order to protect itself from misunderstandings. This aspect can be regarded as a great obstacle for analysis of a person, his/her real desires, fears, intentions, and b eliefs. In addition, the efforts of a person to take away those obstacles can be considered unavailing because the mirror room is closed whereas all objects are inside it and there is no way out except the door. It is possible that the only way to walk through the door is to recognise the reflection in the mirror and confront the uneasiness of the fragmented body in the number of identities assigned by contemporary life. Yayoi Kusama, Narcissus Garden, 1966 The next object of art for analysis is the mixed media Narcissus Garden created by Yayoi Kusama in 1966.15 The author managed to use the reflection received while looking in the water. This object consists of a pond and silver balls in the water. These balls are light enough not to drown while their reflection in the water can be treated as the reflection of each person in the mirror in the previous work of art. As suggested by Sigmund Freud in his study ‘On Dreams’, every dream has specific content16 that can be ana lysed. Moreover, every object depicted in the dream has a specific meaning with regard to the situation in which it appears. In this case, the balls that can be seen on the water surface can reflect the desire of a person to swim opposed to the possibility of drowning. Every object that can be analysed can be influential in terms of hidden desires or fears that can be revealed in the process of analysing those dreams. Though some dreams may seem strange, it has some points to try to analyse each of them in order to see the real nature of the soul. The pond with silver balls can be associated with a desire to see the number of identities. If a person reflects the pond with silver balls in the object of art, she may have some problems with self-identification. In other words, a person that experiences difficulties with analysis of the self can try to reflect those problems in this way. For instance, the number of balls can correspond to the number of identities or roles a person has i n everyday life and uses those while communicating with colleagues, building relationships in the family, and other situations. However, the surface of the water shows everything that is reflected while some reasons can be found for this. In this case, the balls are reflected in the outer world while an inner mirror is situated in the inner world. In this respect, the number of identities will be reflected in the water every time. Every identity has its own reflection in the outer world as well as every person can find his/her reflection in the mirror being a parent, a friend, or performing some other roles. In this respect, an inner mirror of the ego should show our Narcissistic desire towards independent entity. Every concept of life can be reflected in the inner world whereas it depends upon a person whether to let certain concepts into the inner world or leave those outside. As the personal life of every individual is full of certain events, all those events can influence succes sive events and the condition of the inner worlds. Thus, a reflection in the inner mirror can distorted due to the impact of all events that take place in the life of a person. The pond with silver balls can also be treated as the outer world with all its imperfectness and obstacles that appear on the way of a person when he/she wants to look at the Narcissistic reflection on self but can only see the numerous identities. Every identity can be reflected in the mirror of the outer world though it is up to a person whether to let those identities into the inner world to be reflected in the inner mirror. Conclusion The concept of self, reflection in the mirror, the number of identities and roles assigned to every person, feminism and male sexual organs can be traced in the objects of art. As the theory of Lacan is mainly based on the theory established by Sigmund Freud, it is necessary to mention the significance of his study for analysis of sexuality and gender differences. The Arch o f Hysteria reflects the power of human body whereas it can be treated in a different way when applying Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to it. In this respect, a human body can be considered the symbolic representation of human desires reflected with the help of postmodernism trends. Female critics of Jacques Lacan’s theory do not blindly criticise his theory; they try to see the discrimination of identity of woman in the analysis through rejection of the phallocentrism as a core aspect of most psychological analyses. In other words, Helene Cixous and Julia Kristeva apply Lacan’s psychoanalysis as the assessment of sexual features, desires (often sexual), and fears related to the gendered self. Lacan’s theory of the mirror stage demonstrates that our self-identification is based on an illusion of an idealistic image of completeness that does not actually exist in the real. And the imaginary identity created by the co-operation between Narcissistic desire and exter nal forces is subject to the fragmentation of identity in reality. Thus, the ideal-I acts in similar way as Sigmund Freuds ego in that it prevents this fragmentation from emerging to the surface. The main aspect that can be traced in the objects of art such as Cell (Eyes and Mirrors) by Louise Bourgeois and Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field and Narcissus Garden designed by Yayoi Kusama is the mirror and reflection of the self including the further analysis of the self. Bourgeois, Louise, Arch of Hysteria, [online image] (1993) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRGEe1PLNugRKw3A0wrsF-QJ0ToBCWwxChuVJBZaD9kHtzGB4n. Bourgeois, Louise, Cell (Eyes and Mirrors), [online image] (1989-1993) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWZbxfX_D-a19F-BU-6qNXKuCzeq4PmfOWm-A44JWo3bLL0xlv. Cixous, Helene, ‘The laugh of the medusa’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2039-2056. Evans, Dy lan, An introductory dictionary of Lacanian psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1996). Freud, Sigmund, ‘On dreams’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1901], 2003), 21-28. Freud, Sigmund, ‘The ego and the id’, in James Strachey et al. (tr. and ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., [1923], 1961), 19-27. Gay, Peter, Freud: a life for our time (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998). Kristeva, Julia, ‘Revolution in poetic language. The semiotic chora ordering the drives’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2169-2179. Kusama, Yayoi, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, [online image] (1965) http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtQ3bAAobkC0QnwZtBuVzQL2ieaGFxl_mTK1FU-DchCGMZ7H5XwA. Kusama, Yayoi, Narc issus Garden, [online image] (1966) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTddGjC-EAyMHoj4Salu9YK7fhi6DL090HXcblqqK2pTLiHkeh-. Lacan, Jacques, ‘The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 1285-1310. Lacan, Jacques, ‘The mirror-phase as formative of the function of the I’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1966], 2003), 620-624. Nixon, Mignon, Fantastic reality: Louise Bourgeois and a story of modern art (MIT Press/October Books, 2005). Nixon, Mignon, ‘The she-fox: transference and the â€Å"woman artist†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, in Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher (eds.), Women Artists at the Millennium (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press/October Books, 2006), 275-303. Siebers, Tobin, Heterotopia: postmodern utopia and th e body politic (Lansing: University of Michigan Press, 1994). Footnotes 1 Dylan Evans, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1996), 119. 2 Ibid., 123. 3 Helene Cixous, ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2039-2056 at 2039. 4 Julia Kristeva, ‘Revolution in Poetic Language. The Semiotic Chora Ordering the Drives’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 2169-2179 at 2172. 5 Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience’, in Peter Simon (ed.), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (London: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2001), 1285-1310 at 1288-1289. 6 Tobin Siebers, Heterotopia: Postmodern Utopia and the Body Politic (Lansing: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 2. 7 J acques Lacan, ‘The Mirror-Phase as Formative of the Function of the I’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in Theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1966], 2003), 620-624 at 622. 8 Sigmund Freud, ‘The Ego and the Id’, in James Strachey et al. (tr. and ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., [1923], 1961), 19-27 at 33. 9 Louise Bourgeois, Arch of Hysteria, [online image] (1993) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQRGEe1PLNugRKw3A0wrsF-QJ0ToBCWwxChuVJBZaD9kHtzGB4n. 10 Mignon Nixon, Fantastic Reality: Louise Bourgeois and a Story of Modern Art (MIT Press/October Books, 2005). 11 Nixon, Mignon, ‘The She-Fox: Transference and the â€Å"Woman Artist†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, in Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher (eds.), Women Artists at the Millennium (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press/October Books, 2006), 275-303 at 277. 12 Louise Bourgeois, Cell ( Eyes and Mirrors), [online image] (1989-1993) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWZbxfX_D-a19F-BU-6qNXKuCzeq4PmfOWm-A44JWo3bLL0xlv. 13 Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field, [online image] (1965) http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtQ3bAAobkC0QnwZtBuVzQL2ieaGFxl_mTK1FU-DchCGMZ7H5XwA. 14 Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1998), 111. 15 Yayoi Kusama, Narcissus Garden, [online image] (1966) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTddGjC-EAyMHoj4Salu9YK7fhi6DL090HXcblqqK2pTLiHkeh-. 16 Freud, Sigmund, ‘On dreams’, in Alan Sheridan (tr.), Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (eds.), Art in theory: 1900-2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, [1901], 2003), 21-28 at 21.